Research by Transparency International has exposed the scale of abuse across LLPs, with a conservative estimate placing the economic harm in the hundreds of billions of pounds, much of this flowing out of Russia.

Around 14% (21,000) of LLPs formed between 2001 and 2021 have nearly identical features of those employed in significant corruption and money laundering schemes.

These LLPs form an inter-connected network, usually having one or more corporate partners in one of 21 high risk jurisdictions, 15 of which are British Overseas Territories or Commonwealth countries.